Oriental fruit moth | |
Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) -- Jay F. Brunner and Richard E. Rice |
Hosts
Life stages

Egg: The egg is a small, flat, oval disc, which is white at first but changes to amber.
Larva: The larva has 4 or 5 instars. The newly hatched larva is white or cream with a black head. When full grown, it measures 3/8 to 1/2 inch (8 to 13 mm). It has a brown head capsule and thoracic shield and a pinkish or creamy white body. It can be distinguished from a codling moth larva by the presence of an anal comb, which is lacking in the codling moth larva.

Oriental fruit moth larva (California IPM)

Oriental fruit moth adult (E. Beers, August 2011)
Pupa: The pupa is contained within a cocoon found in a sheltered place, such as under a bark scale or litter at the base of a tree. It changes from yellowish brown to reddish brown as adult emergence nears.
Adult: The adult oriental fruit moth is gray and measures about 1/4 inch (5 mm). The wings have indistinct light and dark bands, giving the moth a salt-and-pepper appearance.
Life history

The oriental fruit moth overwinters as a fully grown larva in a hibernacula of silk webbing, either in tree crevices or in the ground cover. It pupates in the spring. Moths of the overwintering generation first appear when peach is in bloom. Eggs are laid on the foliage, usually on the upper sides of leaves of terminal growth. A female can produce up to 200 eggs. Incubation can take anywhere from 5 to 21 days depending on the temperature.
First generation larvae feed by boring into the growing shoots. They reach maturity by mid- to late May. First generation moth flight is from early June through mid-July. There are 3 to 4 flights per year in Washington. Some second and most third and fourth generation larvae attack fruit before seeking overwintering sites where they spin cocoons.
Damage

Shoot flagging of peach due to oriental fruit moth (J. Brunner)
First and second generation larvae tend to damage mainly shoots, while most of the injured fruit is due to third and fourth generation larvae. The oriental fruit moth attacks succulent terminals of rapidly growing twigs during spring and early summer.
A newly hatched larva enters the tender, growing shoot at its tip, near the base of a young leaf. An immature larva that has abandoned an old, injured twig enters a new one at the axil of a fully developed leaf. The larva bores inside the twig, working its way down the shoot for 2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 cm). When the larva matures or no longer finds the twig desirable, it makes an exit hole and leaves. If it needs more food to develop fully, it may enter another twig or a fruit.
Infested twigs usually have wilted leaves. If an upright twig has one small, wilted leaf, it means the larva has entered within the last day or two. As the larva moves down into the twig, more leaves wilt. The number depends how far the larva penetrates. If a twig is dark colored or has dry leaves and gummy ooze, the larva has left.
When twigs of young trees are attacked, lateral shoots form below the damage. Young trees under severe and continued attack become bushy. In nurseries, shoots of recently budded peach are sometimes attacked, resulting in crooked stems.

Oriental fruit moth damage to peach (J. Eves)
Fruit of peach and nectarine can be damaged early in the season by partly grown larvae after they leave shoots. They usually feed on the side of the fruit, causing gumming with brown sawdust-like frass. As fruit grow, they become deformed, and the more severely damaged fruit may drop. Fruit are more often attacked when nearing maturity. Newly hatched larvae usually, though not always, enter through the stem end. They bore through the flesh to the pit of peaches and nectarines, where most of the feeding is done. When mature, larvae move to the fruit surface, making a round exit hole. Larvae feed only on one fruit and do not move from fruit to twigs.
Apples infested with oriental fruit moth larvae look similar to those infested by codling moth. However, the codling moth larva tunnels directly to the core and feeds on the seeds, whereas the burrows of oriental fruit moth are smaller and follow a more meandering course, not necessarily to the core. Oriental fruit moth larvae do not push frass to the surface of infested fruits as do codling moth larvae.
Monitoring
Biological control
Management
Moth capture in a pheromone trap is used to establish biofix, the start of degree-day accumulation. When the first moth is captured, the degree-day total is set at zero. According to research in California, the best time to apply control sprays is between 500 and 600 degree-days after biofix. Good control of the first generation larvae in late April or early May may mean no further controls are necessary for the rest of the year. The generation of oriental fruit moth lasts about 1000 degree-days. Thus, if sprays are required for the second generation they should be applied at 1500 to 1600 degree-days after biofix. These degree-day timings have not been thoroughly tested in Washington but have worked very well in California.
Mating disruption
Mating disruption has proven to be a successful control for oriental fruit moth. Dispensers should be placed in the orchard before the April moth flight. In warm years, or in orchards with high moth populations or outside pressure, a second application of dispensers may be needed. Dispenser types that last only 2 months may also require multiple applications.
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